Crisis as Acquisition Window

“After the administration began to prepare for war in the wake of the Nazi invasion of the Low Countries in the spring of 1940, Kaiser quickly moved from domestic concerns to war production. Kaiser also offered the administration alternative entrants in industries that hesitated to increase production; his belief in production as the "Fifth Freedom" fit both prewar and wartime administration needs. By the time Kaiser and Franklin D. Roosevelt developed a personal relationship during the war, the president appeared sympathetic to Kaiser's goals for a simple reason: they coincided with Roosevelt's.”

“In the summer of 1942, "fabulous" Henry J. Kaiser burst like a comet across the national sky. His West Coast shipyards had performed production miracles during the dark days of America's first six months in World War II, a time when merchant shipping across the Atlantic, a target of German submarines, was deemed the most crucial bottleneck to overcome for America's war effort. 1 He had made headlines for his magnesium enterprise and for the steel plant he was about to build, both of which provided the "arsenal of Democracy" with a West Coast alternative to sluggish East Coast producers. Kaiser was introduced at the National Press Club in July as "the modern”

“The 2008 global financial crisis provided Chinese capital with the opportunity to acquire quality assets worldwide. In the automotive industry, there were numerous cross-border acquisitions, such as Nanjing Automobile Group acquiring the British Rover, Shanghai Automotive Group acquiring South Korea’s SsangYong, and BAIC acquiring Sweden’s Saab. The most famous of these was Geely’s acquisition of Volvo.”

“Starting in 2002, Li Shufu had been eyeing Ford’s Volvo. After several twists and turns, he finally achieved his wish eight years later. Li Shufu’s acquisition introduced him and Geely to the world. The changes brought to Geely by this acquisition were evident. Volvo’s three factories, more than 10,000 patents, and complete technology research and development system could feed back into Geely’s tech R&D, forming a balanced product line and complete manufacturing system. The change brought to Li Shufu can be described as “impact.” Volvo’s supply chain, employee training system, safety test center, large-scale testing grounds, and global sales and service network taught Li Shufu to use global business thinking, experiencing the art and wisdom of management in the conflicts and integrations of different cultures.”

“Ivar took the long view. He believed matches were an important staple, like steel or sugar, and that match factories inevitably would be consolidated. He also foresaw that Britain’s abandoning of the gold standard would open up international finance to newcomers, and that the war would not clog shipping lanes as much as people supposed. He thought that if he could manage the match business as well as he had managed construction, he would be able to acquire a monopoly on production. Then, he could raise prices and earn enormous profits. Just as Rockefeller controlled oil and Morgan controlled banking, Kreuger envisioned controlling matches, and thereby joining an élite group of global monopolists.”

“When Swedish lawmakers decided to permit banks to invest in industrial companies for the first time, Ivar struck a deal with Oscar Rydbeck, a rising star at Skandinaviska Kredit A.B., known as “The Swedish Credit Bank.”11 When Rydbeck said he would be willing to take Ivar’s Kreuger & Toll shares as collateral for an investment in a new business, Ivar’s thoughts turned to his family - and to matches. Ivar’s father, Ernst August, had methodically saved enough money to buy stakes in two small match factories from their extended family’s consortium, Mönsterås Matchworks. Ivar’s brother Torsten now managed one of those factories in Kalmar, Ivar’s home town. The match business was highly competitive and not very profitable, but Ivar and the newly liberated Swedish banks agreed there was potential. Ivar saw that the match industry was in the same economic position oil, sugar, and steel had been in a few decades earlier. There were too many owners of too many factories. Competition was driving prices down so far that hardly any profit remained. Ivar knew his family, and the numerous other small factory owners, would never make much money this way. However, if these factories could be consolidated, the owner of a Swedish match monopoly could raise prices and make a fortune. Some factories in Sweden recently had combined, to form the Jönköping-Vulcan trust, but the men running the trust were conservative and slow. Ivar was sure he could dominate them. He began using loans from the Swedish Credit Bank to buy match factories throughout Sweden. During the next eight years, Ivar parlayed a few family match factories into a conglomerate. He modernized factories and expanded overseas sales. Production increased from 90,000 cases in 1914 to double that in 1916; his profits more than tripled.12 He reduced costs by purchasing the companies that made his machines, as well as companies that supplied chlorate acid potash for the tips. The hardball tactics Ivar used to take over competitors must have reminded Lee Higg’s partners of John D. Rockefeller, who used a similar approach to acquire competitors of his company Standard Oil. To get the money for these expansions, Ivar turned to Oscar Rydbeck. The Swedish markets were going through their version of a speculative frenzy during 1914-15, and Ivar was able to raise 5 million kronor from Swedish banks. During the war, when exports to Britain closed, Ivar turned to Russia, where he not only exported matches, but purchased aspen wood (the best wood for matches) and paper mills. After the war, he bought up virtually all of his competitors in Sweden, using more cash borrowed with Rydbeck’s help. He never gave up control. When he consolidated his match companies, he kept a majority of the voting shares.”