Carrefour
Strategic Concepts & Mechanics
Primary Evidence
"The first operation was in January 1987. La Redoute's stock soared while 21% of the company's capital changed hands. Newspapers were lost in conjecture, with some believing that the buyer was Carlo De Benedetti, Trois Suisses, Compagnie Bancaire or Carrefour. In reality, it was the Arnault-Letertre tandem at work. Was it a greenmail operation or a strategic change? It was both, as each had distinct but complementary objectives."
"The simplest, of course, are the dividends. While the payout ratio (percentage of profit distributed to shareholders) was 28.1% in 1991, it reached 41.4% in 1996, or 1.68 billion francs. Over time, this growth in dividends, in volume and as a percentage of profits, will mechanically push the LVMH share price higher, at least until 1996 when it reaches its all-time high at 1,327 francs: with 110 billion francs (16.77 billion euros), LVMH becomes the largest French company in terms of market capitalization, ahead of Elf and Carrefour, which follow closely at 100 billion."