PRIME MOVERS
Intelligent Fanatics Project

Intelligent Fanatics Project

Sean Iddings and Ian Cassel

115 highlights · 16 concepts · 101 entities · 4 cornerstones · 6 signatures

Context & Bio

Eight intelligent fanatic CEOs—Patterson, Marks, Price, Schwab, Kelleher, Cadieux, Iverson, and the 3G partners—who independently discovered the same heresy: that culture, incentives, and ownership mindset compound more reliably than any product or technology advantage.

Era1880s–2010s across American and global capitalism: from the cash register era through retail revolution, airline deregulation, steel industry collapse, and Brazilian brewing consolidation—each fanatic built during periods when incumbents were fat and complacent.ScaleBuilt or transformed National Cash Register, Marks & Spencer, FedMart/Price Club (precursor to Costco), Les Schwab Tire Centers, Southwest Airlines, QuikTrip, Nucor Steel, and Anheuser-Busch InBev—collectively creating hundreds of billions in enterprise value while pioneering discount retail, low-cost air travel, minimill steel, and meritocratic global brewing.
Ask This Book
115 highlights
Cornerstone MovesHow they build businesses
Cornerstone Move
Incentives as Architecture, Not Decoration
situational

According to Kenneth Iverson, Nucor’s success was ultimately tied to how the company paid its people; he really understood the iron rule of nature: At minimum, pay systems should drive specific behaviors that make your business competitive. So much of what other businesses admire in Nucor —our teamwork, extraordinary productivity, low costs, applied innovation, high morale, low turnover —is rooted in how we pay our people. More than that, our pay and benefit programs tie each employee’s fate to the fate of our business. What’s good for the company is good—in hard dollar terms—for the employee.

4 evidence highlights — click to expand
Cornerstone Move
Dominate One Small Thing Before Growing
situational

This book’s intelligent fanatic CEOs first dominated a small market and then grew into larger markets. Another cause of failure among growing companies is simply growing too quickly, which can stretch a company’s capabilities, balance sheet, and/or culture too thin.

4 evidence highlights — click to expand
Also in: Zero to One
Cornerstone Move
Decentralize Everything Except Culture
situational

A common theme among intelligent fanatics is that they operate their businesses with a decentralized model. Workers are given autonomy to run their operation as if it were their own business. Authority and autonomy promote a feeling of control and self-worth that is intrinsically valuable to employees.

4 evidence highlights — click to expand
Cornerstone Move
Promote From the Ranks, Never Import Generals
situational

The next challenge is to retain those great employees. In every one of our case studies, the companies promoted from within and encouraged employees to move up in the ranks.

4 evidence highlights — click to expand
Signature MovesHow they operate & think
Signature Move
Iverson: Four Layers Max, Then Stop Building Hierarchy
situational
Nucor also maintains a flat organizational hierarchy, with only four layers of management.
3 evidence highlights
Signature Move
Schwab: Split Half the Profit and Watch It Multiply
situational
If they make $100,000 a year, tell them you hope they make $200,000 someday. When you share half the profit, the company has half of $200,000 instead of half of $100,000. Don’t spend the $100,000 for anything but to build the company larger, to create more opportunity. It perpetuates itself.
2 evidence highlights
Signature Move
Lemann's 3G: Buy the Brewer, Install the Meritocracy
situational
I was looking at Latin America and thinking, Who was the richest guy in Venezuela? A brewer (the Mendoza family that owns Polar). The richest guy in Colombia? A brewer (the Santo Domingo Group, the owner of Bavaria). The richest in Argentina? A brewer (the Bembergs, owners of Quilmes). These guys can’t all be geniuses . . . It’s the business that must be good.9
3 evidence highlights
Signature Move
Patterson: Educate the Customer Into Needing You
situational
Using logic, he would teach prospective customers the value the cash register had for their businesses, as he saw it.
3 evidence highlights
Signature Move
Price: Lowest Price as Moral Crusade, Not Marketing Tactic
situational
Sol Price was a retailing visionary whom Sam Walton (founder of Walmart), Jim Sinegal (cofounder of Costco), and Bernard Marcus (cofounder of Home Depot)
2 evidence highlights
Signature Move
Kelleher: Distill Strategy to Doing, Not Planning
situational
We’ve never done the long-range planning that is customary in many businesses. When planning became big in the airline community, one of the analysts came up to me and said, “Herb, I understand you don’t have a plan.” I said that we have the most unusual plan in the industry: Doing things. That’s our plan. What we do by way of strategic planning is we define ourselves and then we redefine ourselves.
3 evidence highlights
More Insights
Strategic Pattern
Stay Half a Step Ahead, Not a Mile
situational
Every big success, individual or commercial, has followed that rule. The manufacturer who merely caters to his market is never a very big manufacturer. The vital point is: “How far shall I keep ahead of the public?” If one goes too far ahead, the public will lose sight of him. That has been the unhappy fate of many brilliant men. There is only one way that I know to determine the exact lead to be taken, that is by thoroughly knowing the whole market and its trends. We devote a great deal of attention to finding out, not only what the public wants and what it may need, but also just how ready it is to absorb new ideas. We achieve our results: first, by keeping our eyes wide open all the time and putting down all the information that comes to hand; and, second, by never considering that we are marketing a fixed product. We have made a policy to be just a short distance ahead, for the cash register has always had to make its market. We had to educate our first customers; we have to educate our present-day customer; and our thought has always been to keep just so far ahead that education of the buyer will always be necessary. Thus the market will be peculiarly our own—our customers will feel that we are their natural teachers and leaders. Look for a moment at the progress. The first machine did nothing more than tally the cash by punching holes in a strip of paper. The proprietor by counting the holes could tell how much cash should be on hand. That was a cumbersome and unsatisfactory machine and it did not do nearly all that it should have done; but it did keep a tally. The big trouble was, however, that the proprietor had to depend upon his own additions to find the total. This brought in the possibility of mistake. The specific problem then was to make the machine keep the tally itself; thus developed the automatic adder. Instead of counting the pinholes, the proprietor now took off the totals from the 5-cent sales, the 10-cent sales, the 25-cent sales, and so on, and adding these together got the grand total for the day. His possibility of error was reduced to a mistake in adding the divisional totals. But why should not the machine make this addition? Then we brought out a model that made all the additions. The purpose of the cash register was to safeguard money. Money is not safeguarded without a system of bookkeeping that will provide a final check…
3 evidence highlights
Capital Strategy
Cash Reinvested for Domination Not Dividends
situational
It is also in the intelligent fanatics’ best interest to strategically grow by utilizing cash flow, limiting equity raises, so they don’t dilute their ownership position.
3 evidence highlights
Risk Doctrine
Ten-Million-Dollar Education, Not Termination
situational
What I remember is a story about Thomas Watson. This is what we have followed at Southwest Airlines. A vice president of IBM came in and said, “Mr. Watson, I’ve got a tremendous idea.” (Of course, this was long ago; the original Mr. Watson.) “And I want to set up this little division to work on it. And I need ten million dollars to get it started.” Well, it turned out to be a total failure. And the guy came back to Mr. Watson and he said that this was the original proposal, it cost ten million, and that it was a failure. “Here is my letter of resignation.” Mr. Watson said, “Hell, no! I just spent ten million on your education. I ain’t gonna let you leave.” That is what we do at Southwest Airlines.8
3 evidence highlights
Risk Doctrine
Calculated Bullets Before Cannonballs
situational
The company shoots calculated bullets. When a bullet hits something, it shoots a cannonball.
3 evidence highlights
Competitive Advantage
Culture as the Only Uncopiable Moat
situational
Eventually, competitors can and will copy products, but it is extremely hard to copy a strong culture. Leadership and culture are as strong as their weakest link.
3 evidence highlights
Identity & Culture
Permanent Dissatisfaction as Fuel
situational
The business that is satisfied with itself—with its product, with its sales, which looks upon itself as having accomplished its purpose—is dead. The actual burial may be postponed; but it is dead because it is not going forward. To my mind, nothing can ever be good enough; I am always dissatisfied; I preach dissatisfaction. I can always see where something might be better; and therefore our business is never at rest—and I never want it to be. The throbbing heart of business is the intense desire to do better. When that desire ceases, the heart stops beating.
3 evidence highlights
In 5 books
In Their Own Words

Business is only a form of teaching. You teach people to desire your product; that is selling. You teach workmen to make the right product; that is manufacturing. You teach others to cooperate with you; that is organization.

John H. Patterson on why NCR's competitive advantage was education, not engineering.

If they make $100,000 a year, tell them you hope they make $200,000 someday. When you share half the profit, the company has half of $200,000 instead of half of $100,000. Don't spend the $100,000 for anything but to build the company larger, to create more opportunity. It perpetuates itself.

Les Schwab explaining his profit-sharing philosophy that fueled decades of employee-driven growth.

Costs are like fingernails. You have to cut them all the time. If not, they grow.

3G Capital partner on the relentless cost discipline that powered AB InBev's global expansion.

We're not dogs on a leash, doing tricks to manage the stock price or maximize dividends quarter by quarter. We're eagles. We soar. If investors want to soar, too, they'll invest in us. The speculators, we don't need.

Ken Iverson on Nucor's refusal to play short-term Wall Street games.

What is important going forward is results. If you bring results, you will be rewarded. Otherwise, your life in the company will be short.

3G partners' meritocratic ultimatum to new employees joining their companies.

Mistakes & Lessons
Patterson's Predatory Monopolization

Patterson's 'never buy out, always knock out' aggression toward competitors led to antitrust prosecution, proving that competitive ferocity unchecked by legal awareness can destroy the leader even as it destroys competitors.

Growing Faster Than Culture Can Travel

Several companies discovered that stretching too quickly thins culture, capabilities, and balance sheets—the 3G partners explicitly limited acquisitions to only when they had enough of their own culturally trained people to install.

Complacency as Silent Killer

The fanatics observed that satisfaction with current results is corporate death—the moment a business believes it has accomplished its purpose, decline has already begun.

Continue Reading
Related Books
Plain Talk
Iverson, Ken

Why linked: Shares Ken Iverson and Nucor.

The 3g Way
Francisco Souza Homem de Mello

Why linked: Shares Jorge Paulo Lemann, Marcel Telles, and Garantia.

The Outsiders_ Eight Unconventional CEOs and Their Radically Rational Blueprint for Success
Thorndike, William N.

Why linked: Shares Charlie Munger, Warren Buffett, and Winston Churchill.

Unreasonable Success and How to Achieve It
Richard Koch

Why linked: Shares Herb Kelleher, Southwest Airlines, and Winston Churchill.

The Robin Hood Trap
Thomas Veszelits

Why linked: Shares Marks & Spencer, Walmart, and Burger King.

Key People
Jorge Paulo Lemann
Person

Primary figure in this dossier arc (5 mentions).

Ken Iverson
Person

Recurring actor in this dossier network (7 mentions).

Herb Kelleher
Person

Recurring actor in this dossier network (5 mentions).

Charlie Munger
Person

Recurring actor in this dossier network (3 mentions).

Warren Buffett
Person

Recurring actor in this dossier network (3 mentions).

Key Entities
Raw Highlights
Dominate One Small Thing Before Growing (1 highlight)

This book’s intelligent fanatic CEOs first dominated a small market and then grew into larger markets. Another cause of failure among growing companies is simply growing too quickly, which can stretch a company’s capabilities, balance sheet, and/or culture too thin.

Lemann's 3G: Buy the Brewer, Install the Meritocracy (1 highlight)

I was looking at Latin America and thinking, Who was the richest guy in Venezuela? A brewer (the Mendoza family that owns Polar). The richest guy in Colombia? A brewer (the Santo Domingo Group, the owner of Bavaria). The richest in Argentina? A brewer (the Bembergs, owners of Quilmes). These guys can’t all be geniuses . . . It’s the business that must be good.9

Price: Lowest Price as Moral Crusade, Not Marketing Tactic (1 highlight)

Sol Price was a retailing visionary whom Sam Walton (founder of Walmart), Jim Sinegal (cofounder of Costco), and Bernard Marcus (cofounder of Home Depot)

Calculated Bullets Before Cannonballs (1 highlight)

The company shoots calculated bullets. When a bullet hits something, it shoots a cannonball.

Promote From the Ranks, Never Import Generals (1 highlight)

The next challenge is to retain those great employees. In every one of our case studies, the companies promoted from within and encouraged employees to move up in the ranks.

Permanent Dissatisfaction as Fuel (1 highlight)

The business that is satisfied with itself—with its product, with its sales, which looks upon itself as having accomplished its purpose—is dead. The actual burial may be postponed; but it is dead because it is not going forward. To my mind, nothing can ever be good enough; I am always dissatisfied; I preach dissatisfaction. I can always see where something might be better; and therefore our business is never at rest—and I never want it to be. The throbbing heart of business is the intense desire to do better. When that desire ceases, the heart stops beating.

Other highlights (34)

One of Patterson’s maxims was to think big ideas and speak few words.

First, AB InBev creates a basic, simple prototype, to get an understanding of how the company and consumers might react. Then the company provides a small amount of capital, perhaps $50,000, to test it out further. Telles finishes: Three months from now, there are ten guys showing. Two are going to be good. You have to be merciless, to cut those that do not deliver, and then you give $500,000 or more or something [to the ideas that show promise].14

Never compromise and never buy out. It is more expensive, probably for a year or two, to fight, but as soon as the opposition know that you will fight at every point, regardless of the money it takes, they will let you alone.9

“has maintained a relentless focus on experimentation in order to improve the experience for their members.”

If necessary, we will spend five times as much money as we have already done, in order to down opposition. If they really believe this, they will “throw up the sponge and quit.” We are receiving overtures to buy out opposition. We will not buy them out. We do not buy out; we knock out.

The company’s goal is to achieve 15% economic value added, so the better the company performs as a whole, the larger is the bonus pool to be divided among employees.

Winston Churchill did: “Courage is going from failure to failure with enthusiasm.”

All the successful people I ever met were fanatics about focus. Sam Walton, who built Walmart, thought only about stores day and night. He visited store after store. Even Warren Buffett, who today is my partner, is a man super focused on his formula. He acquires different businesses but always within the same formula, and that’s what works. Today our formula is to buy companies with a good name and to come up with our management system. But we can only do this when we have people available to go to the company. We cannot do what the American private equity firms do. They buy any company, send someone there, and constitute a team. We only know how to do this with our team, people within our culture. Then, focus is also essential.22 Our CEOs’ business

“If we have a good quarter, it’s because of work we did three, four, five years ago. It’s not because we did a good job this quarter.”

The company is highly decentralized. Each division within Nucor acts as a totally separate, independent business entity. Nucor divisions have almost complete local autonomy, and the communication among the divisions is high. The goal is to get each division to share its best practices and to provide support for one another.

Patterson’s mind, knowledge was useless if it had no application to daily life.

Ron Wallace, author of Leadership Lessons from a UPS Driver writes, “We promote from within to ensure that the company can pass on our legacy and culture seamlessly from one generation to the next.”

The first key to the success of Garantia, and of each business that the 3G partners have run since, is what they call creating a big dream. A big dream is important because it brings everyone together; everyone is connected with the same higher cause. But the dream must be attainable, and then, when the dream is achieved, a company needs to evolve and find another goal to achieve.

Ken Iverson’s view of risk was similar to a story Herb Kelleher told about Thomas Watson, the disciple of John H. Patterson.

James Allen, “The Beliefs that Built a Global Brewer,” Harvard Business Review, April 27, 2012, https://hbr.org/2012/04/the-beliefs-that-built-a-globa.

Marcel Telles, interview at FALCONI Movement 2014, accessed June 26, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzcHVpbHIZo

the only truly sustainable competitive advantage is a company’s human capital.

Sir Richard Branson says, “Train people well enough so they can leave. Treat them well enough so they don’t want to.”

A company’s leadership must have the courage, long-term vision, and ability to execute a drastic cultural shift at an established company or to create one from scratch.

We’re not dogs on a leash, doing tricks to manage the stock price or maximize dividends quarter by quarter. We’re eagles. We soar. If investors want to soar, too, they’ll invest in us. The speculators, we don’t need.17

Jorge Paulo Lemann, “What You Don’t Learn at Harvard,” accessed June 26, 2016,

Cristiane Correa, Dream Big: How the Brazilian Trio behind 3G Capital —Jorge Paulo Lemann, Marcel Telles, and Beto Sicupira —Acquired Anheuser-Busch, Burger King and Heinz, (Rio de Janeiro: Sextante,

Ken Iverson said, “In fact, communication is probably the single greatest virtue of smallness.”

Goronwy Rees, St. Michael: A History of Marks & Spencer

For John Patterson, the vision was more than providing the best cash register; it was keeping employees from stealing from their employers. For Simon Marks, it was to bring high-quality clothing and other merchandise to the masses. For Sol Price, it was to sell the best products at the lowest price. For Les Schwab, it was to give the customer the best service and to provide opportunities for employees to succeed. For Herb Kelleher, it was to bring flying to the masses, with the cheapest fares and best customer service. For Chester Cadieux, it was to provide customers with the greatest convenience. For Ken Iverson, it was to become the most efficient and cheapest steel operator. In every case, all employees knew their company’s mission and embraced it fully.

They are able to easily communicate the why and the purpose of the company so that employees themselves can own the vision. This is extremely important, because most employees do not know their employer’s vision and, of course, cannot be invested in what they do not know or understand.

Successful Monopolization Through Predation: The National Cash Register Company

Occasionally, you’ll find a human being who’s so talented that he can do things that ordinary skilled mortals can’t. I would argue that Simon Marks —who was second generation in Marks & Spencer of England—was such a man. —Charlie Munger,

“Great Leaders: Marcel Telles,” part 5, accessed June 26, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UOYXkdpvOEQ

The owners start by developing a dream to be the best at one simple thing. From those dreams, difficult but achievable goals can be established.

St. Michael: A History of Marks & Spencer

John Patterson

Francisco Souza Homem del Mello, The 3G Way (New York: Ajax Books, 2014), 177.

Any business with a large potential size is best served if cash is reinvested back into the business. That way, one dollar is much more likely to be turned into many more dollars in the future. In all but one of our case studies, a majority of cash was reinvested back into the business for future growth. However, intelligent fanatics do not grow for growth’s sake. They reinvest for market domination and much higher profitability in the future.